Envoy

Wikimedia infrastructure

Data centers

Networking

Global traffic routing

MediaWiki

• Application servers
• PHP 7 and php-fpm
• Dumps
• Memcached
• Mcrouter runbook
• Kafka Job Queue
• Nutcracker
• Envoy
• MediaWiki HTTP cache headers
• Redis
• Parser cache
• Statsd
• MediaWiki On Kubernetes
• MediaWiki and EtcdConfig
• Citoid
• Mathoid

Multimedia

Data Engineering

Search

Data Persistence

Infra Foundations

Observability

Performance Team

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What is Envoy proxy

Envoy (github) is an L7 proxy and communication bus designed for large modern service-oriented architectures. It provides several features for a reverse proxy including but not limited to:

• HTTP2 support.
• L3/L4 filter architecture, so it can be used for TLS termination, traffic mirroring, and other use cases.
• Good observability and tracing, supporting statsd, zipking etc.
• rate limiting, circuit breakers support.
• dynamic configuration through the xDS protocol.
• service discovery.
• gRPC, Redis, MongoDB proxy support.

Envoy at WMF

There are two main use cases for envoy at WMF.

• Act as a TLS terminator / proxy for internal services. This is done for services:
  • in the deployment pipeline (via the tls helpers in the deployment charts) where it works as a sidecar container to the service if tls is enabled for the specific chart.
  • For services not in the pipeline, using profile::tlsproxy::envoy
• Act as a local proxy to other services for MediaWiki (for now), via profile::services_proxy::envoy

TLS termination

If you want to add TLS termination to a new deployment chart, just use the scaffold script - it will create your starting chart with tls termination primitives already in place. If you want to add TLS termination to an existing chart, you just have to:

• Link common_templates/<version>/_tls_helpers.tpl in the templates directory of the chart
• Insert the appropriate calls to those templates across the configmap, deployment, service and networkpolicy templates.

See https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/operations/deployment-charts/+/558092/ as an example.

If you want to add TLS termination to a service in puppet, include profile::tlsproxy::envoy in its role in puppet, and add the hiera configuration following the suggestions in the class documentation.

Services Proxy

The services proxy is installed on all servers that run MediaWiki, and does expose them via HTTP on localhost:<PORT>. Some endpoints might also define a specific Host header.

The service proxy offers:

• Persistent connections
• Advanced TLS tunneling (envoy supports TLS 1.3)
• Retry logic
• Circuit breaking (still not implemented)
• Header rewriting
• Telemetry for all backends
• Tracing (still not implemented)
• Precise timeouts (microsecond resolution)

You can find a intro presentation on the service proxy in the "SRE Sessions" Google Drive.

Add a new service (listener)

The currently defined services are defined in hieradata/common/profile/services_proxy/envoy.yaml.

You can define your proxy to point to any valid DNS record, which will be re-resolved periodically. This means, it works with discovery records in DNS.

To add a new service you just need to add an entry to that list. A basic example may look like:

- name: mathoid
  port: 6013
  timeout: "5s"
  service: mathoid
  keepalive: "4.5s"
  retry:
    retry_on: "5xx"
    num_retries: 1

Please refer to the class documentation in puppet for details: modules/profile/manifests/services_proxy/envoy.pp.

Use a listener

To make use of a configured listener, it needs to be enabled for your host or within your kubernetes helm chart.

For hosts:

• Include profile::services_proxy::envoy in your puppet role
• Add the listener(s) you would like to enable in hiera key profile::services_proxy::envoy::enabled_listeners (like here for MW installations)

For kubernetes:

• Include common_templates/0.2/_tls_helpers.tpl in your helm chart (you probably already have, this comes with the default scaffold)
• Add the listener(s) you would like to enable in helm key .Values.discovery.listeners

You then need to configure the application to use http://localhost:<listener_port> to connect to the upstream service via the envoy listener.

Example (calling mw-api)

To call the MediaWiki API from your application, add the "mwapi-async" listener as described above and send your requests to http://localhost:6500. As you use localhost now, you will need to add a proper Host-Header to your request to reach the Wikipedia you need:

def getPageDict(title: str, wiki_id: str, api_url: str) -> dict:
    [...]
    # This will only work for wikipedias, but it's just an example
    mwapi_host = "{0}.wikipedia.org".format(
        wiki_id.replace("wiki", "").replace("_", "-")
    )
    headers = {"User-Agent": "mwaddlink",
        "Host": mwapi_host,
    }
    req = requests.get(api_url, headers=headers, params=params)

[...]

getPageDict(page_title, wiki_id, "http://localhost:6500/w/api.php")

Runtime configuration

Envoy allows you to change parts of it's configuration at runtime, using the administration interface. You will find that exposed via localhost:9631 on instances and localhost:1666 in kubernetes pods.

The following example increases the log level for the http logger to debug and configures the logger for the mwapi-async listener to log all requests (instead of just errors) in a apache combined like log format (it's different, though. See: https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/latest/configuration/observability/access_log/usage#config-access-log and https://blog.getambassador.io/understanding-envoy-proxy-and-ambassador-http-access-logs-fee7802a2ec5).

curl -XPOST localhost:1666/logging?http=debug
curl -XPOST localhost:1666/runtime_modify?mwapi-async_min_log_code=200

For easier access to the port inside of kubernetes pods/containers, use nsenter on the kubernetes node the container runs on or take a look at k8sh.

Telemetry

Envoy telemetry data is embedded in a bunch of service dashboards in Grafana.wikimedia.org already. For generic dashboards, go to:

• https://grafana-rw.wikimedia.org/d/VTCkm29Wz/envoy-telemetry?orgId=1
• https://grafana-rw.wikimedia.org/d/b1jttnFMz/envoy-telemetry-k8s?orgId=1

Building envoy for WMF

Envoy community has presented recently https://www.getenvoy.io/ an envoy proxy distribution that offers amongst other artifacts, when we started to consider envoy that distribution channel didn't exist at that time. Unfortunately, the deb packages they provide are quite incomplete.

Prepare a new version

The operations/debs/envoyproxy repository includes the envoy source code and the debian control files. It has been created using gbp and using it is recommended. There is an upstream branch including the original source code from the GitHub repo and multiple upstream tags pointing to each imported version, and a master branch that is the result of applying the latest upstream tag and possibly the development version of debian control files.

Clone the debs repo and use its debian/repack script to clone the upstream envoy repository and export an archive for the revision you want to package. Run the script from outside the repo, in order to avoid dirtying the working directory with the archive.

$ export REF=v1.11.2  # use your own version here
$ USER="yourgerrituser" git clone "ssh://$USER@gerrit.wikimedia.org:29418/operations/debs/envoyproxy" && scp -p -P 29418 $USER@gerrit.wikimedia.org:hooks/commit-msg "envoyproxy/.git/hooks/"
$ envoyproxy/debian/repack $REF

Now, inside the repo, import the tar archive you generated.

$ cd envoyproxy
$ git branch upstream && git branch -u origin/upstream upstream
$ gbp import-orig ../envoyproxy_${REF#v}.orig.tar.xz
$ git push origin upstream
$ git push --tag

Now create a new changelog entry on master, and push this as well.

$ export DEBEMAIL="$(git config --get user.name) <$(git config --get user.email)>"
$ dch -v ${REF#v}-1 -D buster-wikimedia --force-distribution "New upstream version ${REF#v}"
$ git commit debian/changelog -m "New upstream version ${REF#v}"
$ git push

Note for building non-master Envoy-future packages

If and only if you're building an Envoy package for a future version that moves ahead of the currently supported version across the fleet, before running gbp import-orig, checkout the envoy-future branch. Then replace the gbp import-orig command with the following:

gbp import-orig --debian-branch=envoy-future --upstream-branch=envoy-future-upstream --upstream-tag='future/%(version)s' ../envoyproxy_${REF#v}.orig.tar.xz

After this, instead of pushing upstream, push envoy-future-upstream and instead of pushing master, push envoy-future.

Build the package on the WMF infrastructure

For building a new envoy debian package you should follow this steps.

1. get access to the packaging project in Horizon, ask a project admin if you don't know who it is ask in #wikimedia-sre.
2. Add your ssh public key (not the same one you use for production) under Preferences > OpenStack on Wikitech.
3. ssh into the envoy build host (current: builder-envoy-03.packaging.eqiad.wmflabs)

   ssh builder-envoy-03.packaging.eqiad.wmflabs -t 'sudo -i tmux at -t build || sudo -i tmux new -s build'
   

4. go to /usr/src/envoyproxy and pull the master branch and upstream tags: git checkout master && git fetch --tags && git pull --force --rebase
5. Run the build-envoy-deb $DISTRO script, where $DISTRO should be the debian distribution code name (e.g. "buster").
6. The envoy building workflow is complex and involves running some docker containers and internet access, because of that this package cannot be build in our build servers. It uses a patched-up version of what pbuilder does, just done manually.
7. If the build process goes well, your new packages will be under /usr/src
8. The process leaves behind a 100+-GB artifact, which you should clean up: rm /tmp/envoy-docker-build (If you need to rebuild for any reason, leave the file in place: the build will use it to run incrementally if appropriate, and will complete much faster.)
9. Copy the output files from /usr/src to apt1001.wikimedia.org.

   scp -3 builder-envoy-03.packaging.eqiad.wmflabs:/usr/src/envoyproxy*1.15.1* apt1001.wikimedia.org:
   

10. Import with reprepo

    sudo -i reprepro -C main include buster-wikimedia $HOME/envoyproxy*1.15.1*.changes
    
    # Copy the package over to stretch if needed (this is possible because they only contain static binaries)
    sudo -i reprepro copy stretch-wikimedia buster-wikimedia envoyproxy
    
    # If you want to test out a new version without rolling it out to production, you may import to the "envoy-future" component instead of "main"
    sudo -i reprepro -C component/envoy-future include buster-wikimedia $HOME/envoyproxy*1.15.1*.changes
    

Build the envoy docker image

• Bump the changelog of the envoy image (example)

  # in https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/plugins/gitiles/operations/docker-images/production-images/
  cd images/envoy
  # or for envoy-future
  cd images/envoy-future/
  
  # Bump changelog
  dch -D wikimedia --force-distribution -c changelog -v <envoy version number>-1
  

• Go on one build server (role role::builder in puppet) and run

$ cd /srv/images/production-images
# If someone's been naughty and hand patched the repo, this will alert you before messing with the local git history
$ sudo git pull --ff-only
$ sudo build-production-images

The script will only build the images not present on our the docker registry - so in your case supposedly only the envoy image.

Update envoy

In CI

We're using envoy in operations/deployment-charts to lint and verify auto-generated envoy config.

To update the envoy version used there, bump the changelog at dockerfiles/helm-linter/changelog:

dch -D wikimedia --force-distribution -c changelog

And add the new version to jjb/operations-misc.yaml in a second patch (example)

When this is merged and build, run CI (maybe just rebuild last at https://integration.wikimedia.org/ci/job/helm-lint/ ?) to verify the new envoy version against our config.

envoy update rollout

Just use Debdeploy as usual. It is advised that a new version is rolled out as follows:

• Start with one mwdebug node
  • Check curl -s localhost:9631/server_info to ensure the expected version is running
  • sudo tail -f /var/log/envoy/*.log
  • Try to navigate wikipedia via the mwdebug instance you choose (X-Wikimedia-Debug)
  • Check the envoy telemetry and appservers dashboard
• On one mediawiki and one restbase node (to see if everything is okay with real traffic)
• On the mediawiki and restbase canaries 'A:mw-canary or A:restbase-canary'
• One (smaller) Kubernetes service (staging, passive DC, active DC)

Keep it like that for a while. If everything goes well, continue with:

• The rest of tls-terminated proxies (cumin query P{R:Package = envoyproxy} and not (P{O:mediawiki::common} or P{C:profile::restbase}) or use debmonitor)
• The rest of mediawiki and restbase nodes
• The rest of the Kubernetes deployments

Kubernetes/deployment pipeline

Once the image is published (you can verify they are by running docker pull from your computer), you should deploy one or more low traffic services with the new image to gain some confidence. If that goes well, change the default for all deployments to the new version.

Don't forget to remove the hardcoded image_version from the deployments you used for verification after updating the default.

Deploy single services with a new envoy version

• Substitute/add the value of tls.image_version in the helmfile.d/services/<SERVICE>/values.yaml files in the deployment-charts repository (example).
• Deploy the new release, like described in Deployments on kubernetes.

Set new envoy version as default for all chart deployments

• Substitute the value of default.tls.image_version in hiera key profile::kubernetes::deployment_server::general: of hieradata/role/common/deployment_server.yaml